1 00:00:00,001 --> 00:00:03,055 Sub extracted from file and improved by Se7enOfNin9 for addic7ed.com 2 00:00:05,413 --> 00:00:07,482 By the start of 1943, 3 00:00:07,507 --> 00:00:10,968 Germany and Japan have been at war for several years. 4 00:00:10,969 --> 00:00:12,678 Although the people of both nations 5 00:00:12,703 --> 00:00:15,945 have endured battlefield casualties from the beginning, 6 00:00:16,016 --> 00:00:19,753 two critical events are about to bring the war home. 7 00:00:20,437 --> 00:00:24,106 The leaders of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan 8 00:00:24,107 --> 00:00:26,400 respond in very different ways. 9 00:00:26,401 --> 00:00:27,777 [dramatic music] 10 00:00:27,778 --> 00:00:29,612 All wars changed the world, 11 00:00:29,613 --> 00:00:31,569 but none of them changed the world 12 00:00:31,594 --> 00:00:33,304 like the second World War did. 13 00:00:33,909 --> 00:00:35,326 Japan's on the march, 14 00:00:35,327 --> 00:00:36,954 Germany's on the march. 15 00:00:38,205 --> 00:00:39,664 No one can imagine the nightmare 16 00:00:39,665 --> 00:00:41,832 they're about to unleash, 17 00:00:41,833 --> 00:00:44,835 the most destructive war in human history. 18 00:00:44,836 --> 00:00:47,797 Suddenly, the world is turned upside down 19 00:00:47,798 --> 00:00:49,508 and all hell is let loose. 20 00:00:51,218 --> 00:00:54,470 The west is stunned by the speed of the advance. 21 00:00:54,471 --> 00:00:55,805 [dramatic music] 22 00:00:55,806 --> 00:00:58,808 You get the Allies led by the big three, 23 00:00:58,809 --> 00:01:01,519 Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, 24 00:01:01,520 --> 00:01:06,358 men who were dealing with immensely complicated questions. 25 00:01:06,483 --> 00:01:10,686 It's the biggest military operation of human history. 26 00:01:10,988 --> 00:01:12,572 The Allies have to come together, 27 00:01:12,573 --> 00:01:15,283 not just militarily but industrial scale. 28 00:01:15,284 --> 00:01:17,410 It's a global perspective. 29 00:01:17,411 --> 00:01:20,288 They have to fight in every climate from the Arctic 30 00:01:20,289 --> 00:01:22,665 to the jungles of the Pacific, 31 00:01:22,666 --> 00:01:26,085 to the deserts of Africa, and the depths of the ocean. 32 00:01:26,086 --> 00:01:29,005 [dramatic music] 33 00:01:29,006 --> 00:01:31,617 But there was no certainty of victory. 34 00:01:32,117 --> 00:01:34,953 It was going to be a horrific bloodbath. 35 00:01:35,204 --> 00:01:37,430 We see humans at their absolute worst, 36 00:01:37,431 --> 00:01:39,640 how they treat other human beings. 37 00:01:39,641 --> 00:01:41,684 And we see them at their absolute best, 38 00:01:41,685 --> 00:01:44,186 willing to give their lives that others might live. 39 00:01:44,187 --> 00:01:46,439 World War II was a struggle 40 00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:48,442 in which there could be one victor 41 00:01:49,122 --> 00:01:50,668 and one vanquished. 42 00:01:50,693 --> 00:01:53,613 [dramatic music] 43 00:01:55,240 --> 00:01:56,803 [explosion booming] 44 00:01:56,828 --> 00:01:59,414 [siren blaring] 45 00:02:02,289 --> 00:02:05,207 [pensive music] 46 00:02:05,208 --> 00:02:07,168 [spectators cheering] 47 00:02:07,169 --> 00:02:10,839 [announcer speaking German] 48 00:02:17,387 --> 00:02:20,599 [spectators cheering] [announcer speaking German] 49 00:02:21,411 --> 00:02:24,671 [Tom] By early 1943, the Nazi Third Reich 50 00:02:24,703 --> 00:02:26,496 has absorbed much of Europe. 51 00:02:26,521 --> 00:02:27,647 [pensive music] 52 00:02:27,672 --> 00:02:29,883 Great cities have been bombed. 53 00:02:30,425 --> 00:02:32,886 Whole nations have been occupied. 54 00:02:33,428 --> 00:02:36,822 But in Germany, success on the battlefield 55 00:02:36,823 --> 00:02:39,326 allows life to go on as before. 56 00:02:39,409 --> 00:02:42,453 Hitler wants to maintain the semblance of normalcy 57 00:02:42,454 --> 00:02:44,121 even in wartime. 58 00:02:44,122 --> 00:02:48,334 So theaters remain open, stadiums remain open, 59 00:02:48,335 --> 00:02:51,670 sporting events go on as scheduled. 60 00:02:51,671 --> 00:02:54,590 Germans are encouraged to go about their daily business. 61 00:02:54,591 --> 00:02:56,884 [pensive music] 62 00:02:56,885 --> 00:02:59,387 The Germans, from the beginning of the war, 63 00:02:59,388 --> 00:03:02,640 have really been sheltered and shielded by Hitler 64 00:03:02,641 --> 00:03:05,351 because there is a belief that Hitler has 65 00:03:05,352 --> 00:03:09,605 that one of the main reasons that Germany collapsed in 1918 66 00:03:09,606 --> 00:03:14,110 was because the population didn't have enough to eat, 67 00:03:14,111 --> 00:03:15,679 their morale failed, 68 00:03:15,981 --> 00:03:18,280 and all of a sudden they turned against the government. 69 00:03:18,281 --> 00:03:20,540 [dramatic music] 70 00:03:20,565 --> 00:03:22,535 [Robert] Hitler constantly tells the German people 71 00:03:22,536 --> 00:03:24,120 they're a master race. 72 00:03:24,121 --> 00:03:27,289 But, you know, deep down inside, he doesn't trust them at all. 73 00:03:27,290 --> 00:03:30,637 He was seared by the events of the First World War. 74 00:03:30,662 --> 00:03:32,128 Nothing could have looked stronger 75 00:03:32,129 --> 00:03:34,922 than the Kaiser's government in 1918, 76 00:03:34,923 --> 00:03:38,718 and it was overthrown in a revolution lasting a single day. 77 00:03:39,491 --> 00:03:42,847 [Alexandra] And so Hitler believes that the German people 78 00:03:42,848 --> 00:03:44,432 are, in a sense, fickle. 79 00:03:44,433 --> 00:03:46,118 If they aren't given what they want, 80 00:03:46,143 --> 00:03:47,619 if they don't have enough to eat, 81 00:03:47,644 --> 00:03:49,562 if they don't have the material, 82 00:03:49,563 --> 00:03:51,965 that they're going to somehow turn on him. 83 00:03:52,149 --> 00:03:54,942 And so he is very, very determined 84 00:03:54,943 --> 00:03:56,360 to make sure that the German people 85 00:03:56,361 --> 00:03:58,839 don't feel the pinch of the war. 86 00:03:58,864 --> 00:04:00,406 [pensive music] 87 00:04:00,407 --> 00:04:02,225 [Tom] But in early February, 88 00:04:02,934 --> 00:04:07,189 Germans across the Reich are told in a short radio broadcast 89 00:04:08,065 --> 00:04:11,693 that the 6th Army has been destroyed at Stalingrad. 90 00:04:12,819 --> 00:04:17,632 [radio announcer speaking German] 91 00:04:19,885 --> 00:04:21,427 [dramatic music] 92 00:04:21,428 --> 00:04:22,845 [Tom] Germany suffered 93 00:04:22,846 --> 00:04:25,540 enormous casualties at Stalingrad, 94 00:04:26,500 --> 00:04:28,418 90,000 captured 95 00:04:29,811 --> 00:04:31,880 and over 200,000 dead. 96 00:04:33,523 --> 00:04:35,107 [Robert] Hundreds of thousands, 97 00:04:35,108 --> 00:04:36,751 if not millions, of Germans 98 00:04:36,776 --> 00:04:39,278 had a family member, or a friend, 99 00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:41,673 or knew someone who fought at Stalingrad. 100 00:04:41,698 --> 00:04:43,866 [pensive music] 101 00:04:43,867 --> 00:04:47,703 This is the greatest catastrophe in German history. 102 00:04:47,704 --> 00:04:49,872 [pensive music] 103 00:04:49,873 --> 00:04:51,817 Nobody's been prepared for this. 104 00:04:53,068 --> 00:04:54,794 For the families of people 105 00:04:54,795 --> 00:04:56,962 who are serving on the Stalingrad front, 106 00:04:56,963 --> 00:05:00,367 it unleashes a wave of panic. 107 00:05:00,992 --> 00:05:04,204 [Tom] It is the first admission of a Wehrmacht defeat. 108 00:05:04,996 --> 00:05:06,889 But Hitler and his military leaders 109 00:05:06,890 --> 00:05:09,225 are busy planning a counter-attack. 110 00:05:09,226 --> 00:05:12,728 [Alexandra] Hitler is now up in the Wolf's Lair, the Wolfsschanze, 111 00:05:12,729 --> 00:05:15,648 his massive headquarters up in East Prussia, 112 00:05:15,649 --> 00:05:18,025 in almost complete isolation. 113 00:05:18,026 --> 00:05:19,610 He rarely appears in public. 114 00:05:19,611 --> 00:05:22,691 And so the task of rebuilding morale amongst the people 115 00:05:22,716 --> 00:05:24,335 is left to others. 116 00:05:25,283 --> 00:05:27,827 [Tom] Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's Reich minister 117 00:05:27,828 --> 00:05:30,037 of enlightenment and propaganda, 118 00:05:30,038 --> 00:05:32,039 has been at the center of the Nazi party 119 00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:34,651 since it was formed in the 1920s. 120 00:05:35,402 --> 00:05:39,046 [Robert] Joseph Goebbels is one of the most unusual Nazi officials. 121 00:05:39,047 --> 00:05:40,923 And he looks like anything 122 00:05:40,924 --> 00:05:44,009 but the image of the Nazi superman. 123 00:05:44,010 --> 00:05:47,054 He has no military background, 124 00:05:47,055 --> 00:05:50,163 but he's brilliant about the use of propaganda. 125 00:05:50,188 --> 00:05:52,769 [dramatic music] 126 00:05:55,772 --> 00:05:59,281 Goebbels decides that the time has come to deliver a speech 127 00:05:59,306 --> 00:06:03,612 exposing the German people to the realities of what 1943 is gonna give them. 128 00:06:03,613 --> 00:06:06,057 [Goebbels speaking German] 129 00:06:13,498 --> 00:06:16,584 [Robert] For the first time, a Nazi party official stands up 130 00:06:16,585 --> 00:06:18,168 and says the war isn't going well. 131 00:06:18,169 --> 00:06:22,190 Only the German people are capable of lifting Germany up 132 00:06:22,215 --> 00:06:25,134 from the defeat at Stalingrad to ultimate victory. 133 00:06:25,135 --> 00:06:28,062 It's time to fight total war. 134 00:06:28,616 --> 00:06:31,682 [Martin] Total war is the commitment to a complete 135 00:06:31,683 --> 00:06:33,976 and full national mobilization, 136 00:06:33,977 --> 00:06:37,187 meaning that all businesses and then all people, 137 00:06:37,188 --> 00:06:40,441 all men, all women, absolutely everyone, 138 00:06:40,442 --> 00:06:43,261 become dedicated toward securing victory. 139 00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:45,947 [Goebbels speaking German] 140 00:06:53,663 --> 00:06:55,831 [attendees cheering] [attendees applauding] 141 00:06:55,832 --> 00:06:57,458 [dramatic music] 142 00:06:57,459 --> 00:06:59,002 [Nicholas] The "Total War" speech 143 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,684 is both an attempt to rally public opinion 144 00:07:01,709 --> 00:07:05,425 and an attempt to persuade Hitler to go to total war. 145 00:07:06,009 --> 00:07:08,552 [Martin] Think of this as like a closing argument at a trial. 146 00:07:08,553 --> 00:07:11,055 Goebbels is making a case to Adolf Hitler 147 00:07:11,056 --> 00:07:13,849 that if this war is going to prevail, 148 00:07:13,850 --> 00:07:16,302 you're gonna have to accept the commitment to total war. 149 00:07:16,327 --> 00:07:19,105 [Goebbels speaking German] Do you want the Total War? 150 00:07:19,130 --> 00:07:20,790 [attendees roaring] 151 00:07:20,815 --> 00:07:23,400 [dramatic music] 152 00:07:23,401 --> 00:07:28,431 And so this hand-selected crowd of followers and sycophants, 153 00:07:29,808 --> 00:07:32,368 they're saying "Ja!" to every word that he says. 154 00:07:32,369 --> 00:07:36,163 [attendees cheering] [attendees applauding] 155 00:07:36,164 --> 00:07:38,191 And Adolf Hitler is saying "Nein". 156 00:07:38,216 --> 00:07:39,458 [pensive music] 157 00:07:39,459 --> 00:07:41,127 [Tom] Hitler is reluctant. 158 00:07:41,252 --> 00:07:44,197 He promised triumph, not sacrifice. 159 00:07:44,823 --> 00:07:47,007 People say Goebbels giving that speech, 160 00:07:47,008 --> 00:07:49,885 that's the switch when Germany really goes to total war, 161 00:07:49,886 --> 00:07:51,048 but it isn't. 162 00:07:51,073 --> 00:07:52,346 [pensive music] 163 00:07:52,347 --> 00:07:54,516 [Robert] That would, for example, have meant 164 00:07:54,541 --> 00:07:56,809 mobilizing women into industrial jobs, 165 00:07:56,810 --> 00:07:58,936 as it had happened in the United States. 166 00:07:58,937 --> 00:08:02,549 The conservative Nazi regime wants women to stay in the home 167 00:08:03,967 --> 00:08:07,053 so they can raise children, care for the family. 168 00:08:07,078 --> 00:08:08,787 [pensive music] 169 00:08:08,812 --> 00:08:11,800 [Tom] But with so many men serving in the Wehrmacht, 170 00:08:11,825 --> 00:08:14,369 primarily on the Eastern Front, 171 00:08:14,478 --> 00:08:17,314 Germany desperately needs workers. 172 00:08:18,648 --> 00:08:23,361 Albert Speer, Reich minister of armament and war production, 173 00:08:23,545 --> 00:08:25,280 must find a solution. 174 00:08:26,323 --> 00:08:29,159 [Alexandra] Albert Speer is a complex figure. 175 00:08:29,384 --> 00:08:32,302 He begins his career as an architect, 176 00:08:32,303 --> 00:08:35,556 and he is the architect for the Nuremberg rallies. 177 00:08:35,557 --> 00:08:38,392 And these become a huge propaganda success. 178 00:08:38,393 --> 00:08:42,562 [attendees chanting German] 179 00:08:42,563 --> 00:08:45,315 [Alexandra] In 1942, Hitler appoints Speer 180 00:08:45,316 --> 00:08:47,151 as his new armaments minister. 181 00:08:47,152 --> 00:08:49,570 Speer has absolutely no background 182 00:08:49,571 --> 00:08:52,115 in armaments production at all. 183 00:08:52,198 --> 00:08:54,616 But nevertheless, he's a good organizer 184 00:08:54,617 --> 00:08:56,936 and he does quite an amazing job. 185 00:08:57,613 --> 00:08:59,872 [Col. Douds] But if you're gonna increase production, 186 00:08:59,873 --> 00:09:01,755 but you're not gonna tap into the German people 187 00:09:01,780 --> 00:09:04,185 because we're trying to keep everything normal back home, 188 00:09:04,210 --> 00:09:06,813 well, you gotta find that manpower somewhere. 189 00:09:06,838 --> 00:09:07,964 [pensive music] 190 00:09:07,989 --> 00:09:10,949 [Robert] Albert Speer has another strategy at hand, 191 00:09:11,092 --> 00:09:13,428 and that's to use slave laborers 192 00:09:14,560 --> 00:09:17,682 recruited from the various occupation zones. 193 00:09:17,766 --> 00:09:19,683 [pensive music] 194 00:09:19,684 --> 00:09:21,310 [Alexandra] Massive numbers of people 195 00:09:21,311 --> 00:09:24,022 were brought into the Reich to work as slave laborers, 196 00:09:24,047 --> 00:09:26,398 people from Western Europe, from France, 197 00:09:26,399 --> 00:09:29,886 from the Netherlands, but also from Poland, from Ukraine. 198 00:09:30,095 --> 00:09:33,280 [Col. Douds] In 1943, 12 to 15 million people 199 00:09:33,281 --> 00:09:35,282 were brought in from 20 other countries 200 00:09:35,283 --> 00:09:38,702 to effectively make up for the manpower that Germany has lost. 201 00:09:38,703 --> 00:09:43,650 However, it is also at a high human and moral cost. 202 00:09:43,850 --> 00:09:45,626 [Robert] They're barely fed. 203 00:09:45,627 --> 00:09:48,004 They're practically chained to the machine. 204 00:09:48,546 --> 00:09:50,672 Whenever we look at the dramatic increase 205 00:09:50,673 --> 00:09:53,008 in German arms productions in 1943, 206 00:09:53,009 --> 00:09:56,720 we should always look behind the gleaming weapons, 207 00:09:56,721 --> 00:09:58,347 and tanks, and aircraft 208 00:09:58,348 --> 00:10:01,683 to realize that these were produced by human skeletons 209 00:10:01,684 --> 00:10:05,839 banging out parts for German weapons until they died. 210 00:10:07,006 --> 00:10:08,398 [Col. Douds] Production will rise 211 00:10:08,399 --> 00:10:10,109 56% in the first six months. 212 00:10:10,110 --> 00:10:11,693 It is an armaments miracle. 213 00:10:11,694 --> 00:10:14,822 It also gives Germany a propaganda story to tell. 214 00:10:14,823 --> 00:10:16,448 [Alexandra] Look at what we've done. 215 00:10:16,449 --> 00:10:18,242 We've turned armaments around. 216 00:10:18,243 --> 00:10:19,803 Look how many planes we're producing. 217 00:10:19,828 --> 00:10:21,370 Look how many tanks we're producing. 218 00:10:21,371 --> 00:10:24,164 Things are difficult, but it's going to be okay. 219 00:10:24,165 --> 00:10:27,110 [dramatic music] 220 00:10:27,610 --> 00:10:30,629 [Tom] But the RAF and the American Eighth Air Force 221 00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:33,549 are expanding their relentless bombing campaign 222 00:10:33,550 --> 00:10:36,736 aimed at destroying Germany's industrial infrastructure 223 00:10:36,761 --> 00:10:38,763 and German morale. 224 00:10:38,764 --> 00:10:40,932 [Robert] The Germans may not yet be fighting total war, 225 00:10:40,933 --> 00:10:43,977 but the war is coming home to Germany in 1943, 226 00:10:43,978 --> 00:10:47,705 and it's the Anglo-American round the clock bombing campaign. 227 00:10:47,730 --> 00:10:51,150 [pensive music] 228 00:10:51,151 --> 00:10:53,702 [dramatic music] 229 00:10:53,727 --> 00:10:57,115 [Tom] American B-17s flying from England 230 00:10:57,116 --> 00:10:59,809 bomb the Reich's war factories by day. 231 00:11:00,477 --> 00:11:03,688 At night, the RAF hits German cities. 232 00:11:04,623 --> 00:11:07,500 [dramatic music] 233 00:11:07,501 --> 00:11:11,796 Germany is forced to divert more and more men and material 234 00:11:11,797 --> 00:11:15,116 to defend the skies over their cities. 235 00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:17,593 [Robert] In facing the Allied bombing campaign, 236 00:11:17,594 --> 00:11:20,304 the Nazi regime does take steps. 237 00:11:20,305 --> 00:11:23,099 It builds these monumental flak towers, 238 00:11:23,100 --> 00:11:25,877 which they're almost impossible to demolish. 239 00:11:25,902 --> 00:11:29,614 [Martin] These massive flak towers are also air raid shelters. 240 00:11:30,019 --> 00:11:32,358 They have infirmaries, they have schools. 241 00:11:32,359 --> 00:11:35,028 The German government is saying to its people, 242 00:11:35,279 --> 00:11:38,293 "These air raid shelters are there to protect you." 243 00:11:38,318 --> 00:11:41,451 [siren blaring] [pensive music] 244 00:11:41,910 --> 00:11:44,245 [Robert] But there's never enough for the population. 245 00:11:44,246 --> 00:11:45,955 And when the bombers come, 246 00:11:45,956 --> 00:11:49,692 most Germans wind up going into a neighborhood cellar. 247 00:11:50,461 --> 00:11:53,238 They're cramped, they're hot, 248 00:11:53,964 --> 00:11:55,815 you're there all night long, 249 00:11:55,840 --> 00:11:58,159 and the children are getting sick from fear. 250 00:11:58,296 --> 00:12:00,464 [bombers roaring] 251 00:12:00,532 --> 00:12:02,994 [Alexandra] It was a terrifying experience 252 00:12:03,019 --> 00:12:04,749 and also exhausting. 253 00:12:05,559 --> 00:12:08,253 This happened night after night after night. 254 00:12:09,521 --> 00:12:11,631 [Col. Douds] You stay down there for hours. 255 00:12:12,215 --> 00:12:14,292 Maybe you're down there until the next morning. 256 00:12:14,317 --> 00:12:16,986 [apprehensive music] 257 00:12:16,987 --> 00:12:18,947 [dramatic music] 258 00:12:18,972 --> 00:12:20,882 And then finally, somebody cracks the door, 259 00:12:20,907 --> 00:12:23,384 and you walk outside, and you see your neighborhood is gone. 260 00:12:23,409 --> 00:12:25,078 [dramatic music] 261 00:12:25,079 --> 00:12:26,954 [Robert] This is the first time 262 00:12:26,955 --> 00:12:30,378 that war has really come home to the German people. 263 00:12:30,403 --> 00:12:32,018 [dramatic music] 264 00:12:32,043 --> 00:12:35,171 And many of them are asking, "Where is our government?" 265 00:12:38,509 --> 00:12:40,719 [pensive music] 266 00:12:44,598 --> 00:12:48,964 [Tom] While German cities are being bombed by the Western Allies, 267 00:12:49,018 --> 00:12:52,105 the skies over Japan remain clear. 268 00:12:52,606 --> 00:12:55,341 Germany is much more vulnerable than Japan 269 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:58,503 because it is within flying range 270 00:12:58,528 --> 00:13:00,697 of the British and the American bombers. 271 00:13:01,990 --> 00:13:06,744 Bombing Japan is not possible for the Allies in 1943 272 00:13:06,745 --> 00:13:11,149 because Japan enjoyed an enormous defense perimeter. 273 00:13:11,774 --> 00:13:13,835 [Tom] The Japanese have conquered an empire 274 00:13:13,836 --> 00:13:16,070 that spans much of Asia. 275 00:13:17,196 --> 00:13:21,008 Distance and the capture of several remote Pacific islands 276 00:13:21,009 --> 00:13:23,469 have created a defensive perimeter 277 00:13:23,470 --> 00:13:27,682 of over 3 million square miles that protects this empire. 278 00:13:27,683 --> 00:13:29,475 [dramatic music] 279 00:13:29,476 --> 00:13:33,204 But American victories at Midway and Guadalcanal 280 00:13:33,229 --> 00:13:35,356 have breached this defensive ring. 281 00:13:35,357 --> 00:13:39,915 Japan's home front still has not faced daily air raids, 282 00:13:39,940 --> 00:13:42,317 but military leaders know 283 00:13:43,198 --> 00:13:46,033 the tide is shifting against them. 284 00:13:46,034 --> 00:13:48,871 [pensive music] 285 00:13:52,916 --> 00:13:55,209 [Tom] In June, 1943, 286 00:13:55,351 --> 00:13:59,253 Tokyo citizens gather to pay tribute to a fallen war hero. 287 00:13:59,297 --> 00:14:01,674 [pensive music] 288 00:14:01,675 --> 00:14:03,576 It's a solemn event. 289 00:14:04,535 --> 00:14:07,080 [announcer speaking Japanese] 290 00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:21,419 Admiral Yamamoto was this huge figure in Japan, 291 00:14:21,444 --> 00:14:23,403 the mastermind of Pearl Harbor, 292 00:14:23,404 --> 00:14:25,197 the hero of the early months of the war, 293 00:14:25,198 --> 00:14:26,591 and now he's gone. 294 00:14:26,616 --> 00:14:27,856 [propeller whirring] 295 00:14:27,881 --> 00:14:30,812 [Tom] Acting on intercepted radio messages, 296 00:14:31,270 --> 00:14:35,358 the American Air Force shot down Admiral Yamamoto's plane 297 00:14:36,130 --> 00:14:38,019 over the Solomon Islands. 298 00:14:38,044 --> 00:14:39,461 [pensive music] 299 00:14:39,462 --> 00:14:42,532 His body was found and sent back to Japan. 300 00:14:43,297 --> 00:14:46,551 Japan tightly censors all news of the war. 301 00:14:46,552 --> 00:14:49,429 But the death of the Navy's supreme commander 302 00:14:49,430 --> 00:14:52,458 cannot be hidden from the Japanese people. 303 00:14:52,659 --> 00:14:55,620 [dramatic music] 304 00:14:55,661 --> 00:14:58,814 [Christopher] You've got up to a million people lining the streets 305 00:14:58,815 --> 00:15:03,610 as this funeral cortege goes past, a hugely somber occasion. 306 00:15:03,611 --> 00:15:06,947 There's a sense of a really significant figure passing. 307 00:15:06,948 --> 00:15:08,448 [dramatic music] 308 00:15:08,449 --> 00:15:11,019 Imagine what losing MacArthur would've done. 309 00:15:11,180 --> 00:15:13,538 These figures are seen as irreplaceable. 310 00:15:13,539 --> 00:15:16,832 And so when this pierces the news blackout 311 00:15:16,833 --> 00:15:19,084 for the public on what's really going on in the war, 312 00:15:19,085 --> 00:15:20,669 it's huge. 313 00:15:20,670 --> 00:15:23,630 This is a real concern in the Japanese government. 314 00:15:23,631 --> 00:15:24,798 [dramatic music] 315 00:15:24,799 --> 00:15:26,826 [Tom] Prime Minister Hideki Tojo 316 00:15:27,258 --> 00:15:31,164 was an early advocate for war against the United States. 317 00:15:31,414 --> 00:15:34,349 Tojo at this point has been in power in Japan 318 00:15:34,350 --> 00:15:37,435 since shortly before Pearl Harbor. 319 00:15:37,436 --> 00:15:41,523 As the war situation is going increasingly badly, 320 00:15:41,524 --> 00:15:43,317 he needs a victory 321 00:15:43,318 --> 00:15:46,429 to be able to continue in power in Japan. 322 00:15:46,549 --> 00:15:49,866 Tojo is driven by honor. 323 00:15:49,949 --> 00:15:52,784 He's driven by loyalty to the emperor. 324 00:15:52,785 --> 00:15:56,347 And more than anything else, he wants to make sure 325 00:15:56,372 --> 00:15:59,600 that Japan escapes the war with its empire intact. 326 00:15:59,625 --> 00:16:00,887 [bombers rumbling] 327 00:16:00,912 --> 00:16:03,587 [Tom] The Japanese intended the attack on Pearl Harbor 328 00:16:03,588 --> 00:16:06,298 to be a knockout blow against the Americans. 329 00:16:06,299 --> 00:16:07,674 [explosion booming] 330 00:16:07,675 --> 00:16:11,386 They understood they couldn't win a protracted war 331 00:16:11,387 --> 00:16:14,723 against the economic might of the United States. 332 00:16:14,724 --> 00:16:17,034 [Yuki] Even when Japan was winning 333 00:16:17,059 --> 00:16:18,995 in the initial phase of the war, 334 00:16:19,020 --> 00:16:21,230 Japan's wartime production capacity 335 00:16:21,231 --> 00:16:24,300 is roughly only 1/10 of the United States. 336 00:16:24,550 --> 00:16:28,945 So by 1943, the government really needs to use 337 00:16:28,946 --> 00:16:30,906 whatever it can gets their hands on 338 00:16:30,907 --> 00:16:33,200 to keep the wartime production going. 339 00:16:33,201 --> 00:16:35,118 [dramatic music] 340 00:16:35,119 --> 00:16:37,146 [Tom] Oil from the East Indies, 341 00:16:37,855 --> 00:16:39,790 rubber from Malaya, 342 00:16:39,791 --> 00:16:41,901 iron ore from Manchuria 343 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:45,488 are all vital to Japanese war industries. 344 00:16:45,611 --> 00:16:47,129 [dramatic music] 345 00:16:47,263 --> 00:16:49,525 [Dan] The problem is, is that you look at a map, 346 00:16:49,550 --> 00:16:52,370 you can see that that has to be transported over water. 347 00:16:53,496 --> 00:16:55,722 [Sheldon] They have a huge merchant marine, 348 00:16:55,723 --> 00:16:57,266 the third largest in the world, 349 00:16:57,267 --> 00:16:59,961 to move resources from Southeast Asia. 350 00:17:01,170 --> 00:17:03,230 [Tom] Now, all of it is threatened 351 00:17:03,231 --> 00:17:06,316 by the tightening stranglehold of the American Navy. 352 00:17:06,317 --> 00:17:08,193 [dramatic music] 353 00:17:08,194 --> 00:17:11,547 The United States' submarine operations 354 00:17:11,572 --> 00:17:13,991 have been quite successful 355 00:17:17,725 --> 00:17:21,140 in cutting Japanese supply routes. 356 00:17:21,165 --> 00:17:23,708 [apprehensive music] 357 00:17:23,709 --> 00:17:25,210 Japanese natural resources 358 00:17:25,211 --> 00:17:27,420 are increasingly lying at the bottom of the ocean. 359 00:17:27,421 --> 00:17:30,090 And so we begin to see critical material shortages 360 00:17:30,091 --> 00:17:31,967 on the Japanese home front. 361 00:17:31,968 --> 00:17:34,427 [Tom] To maintain the nation's war effort, 362 00:17:34,428 --> 00:17:36,638 Prime Minister Tojo and his government 363 00:17:36,639 --> 00:17:41,435 impose severe austerity on the Japanese people. 364 00:17:41,878 --> 00:17:43,561 [Sheldon] Unlike Nazi Germany, 365 00:17:43,562 --> 00:17:46,231 in Japan there never was this phenomenon 366 00:17:46,232 --> 00:17:50,193 of trying to keep the Japanese people totally comfortable. 367 00:17:50,194 --> 00:17:54,031 In general, Tojo believed that if Japan 368 00:17:54,032 --> 00:17:57,284 were to be successful against the Americans and others 369 00:17:57,285 --> 00:17:59,244 in lieu of natural resources, 370 00:17:59,245 --> 00:18:01,246 it would take the active mobilization 371 00:18:01,247 --> 00:18:03,727 of its human resources, its people. 372 00:18:03,752 --> 00:18:04,784 [dramatic music] 373 00:18:04,809 --> 00:18:06,514 [Christopher] The message to people is 374 00:18:06,538 --> 00:18:08,670 is if they will make these sacrifices at home, 375 00:18:08,671 --> 00:18:11,357 then soldiers abroad will keep them safe. 376 00:18:11,382 --> 00:18:13,550 [dramatic music] 377 00:18:13,575 --> 00:18:15,145 They will keep the Allies at bay. 378 00:18:15,170 --> 00:18:17,304 They will do their bit if people at home 379 00:18:17,305 --> 00:18:18,572 do what they're supposed to do. 380 00:18:18,597 --> 00:18:21,083 They must sacrifice everything. 381 00:18:23,531 --> 00:18:25,449 [pensive music] 382 00:18:27,798 --> 00:18:30,108 [Tom] The American naval blockade 383 00:18:30,109 --> 00:18:32,595 is choking the Japanese. 384 00:18:32,929 --> 00:18:34,597 Food is scarce. 385 00:18:34,805 --> 00:18:37,824 The everyday necessities of modern life disappear. 386 00:18:37,825 --> 00:18:39,063 [dramatic music] 387 00:18:39,088 --> 00:18:43,147 But Prime Minister Tojo demands even greater sacrifice. 388 00:18:43,289 --> 00:18:45,599 [dramatic music] 389 00:18:45,624 --> 00:18:48,794 [Bradley] We certainly have rationing going on in the United States. 390 00:18:48,795 --> 00:18:51,897 This is on a national scale that is unmatched, really, 391 00:18:51,922 --> 00:18:53,733 in a lot of the Allied nations. 392 00:18:53,758 --> 00:18:55,092 [dramatic music] 393 00:18:55,093 --> 00:18:57,135 [Christopher] Electricity is being rationed. 394 00:18:57,136 --> 00:18:59,266 They're relying on sort of primitive ways 395 00:18:59,291 --> 00:19:00,873 of even just cooking food 396 00:19:01,237 --> 00:19:03,743 and having to burn their libraries for fuel 397 00:19:03,768 --> 00:19:05,268 to try and keep warm. 398 00:19:05,269 --> 00:19:06,811 No one has enough to eat. 399 00:19:06,812 --> 00:19:09,757 You've even got people going into the countryside to forage. 400 00:19:10,047 --> 00:19:11,667 [Bradley] The Japanese are producing cars 401 00:19:11,692 --> 00:19:13,336 that run on coal rather than oil 402 00:19:13,361 --> 00:19:15,463 because oil is being taken for the war effort 403 00:19:15,488 --> 00:19:17,113 on such a large scale. 404 00:19:17,114 --> 00:19:19,991 [Christopher] You've got temple bells, railings, 405 00:19:19,992 --> 00:19:21,660 pots, and pans being melted down 406 00:19:21,661 --> 00:19:24,329 so that they can make bullets and armor. 407 00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:26,665 [Bradley] In many ways, Japan is reverting 408 00:19:26,666 --> 00:19:30,736 to almost a pre-industrial society as the war goes on. 409 00:19:30,761 --> 00:19:33,388 [dramatic music] 410 00:19:33,413 --> 00:19:36,883 [Sheldon] However, Japanese people are not automatons. 411 00:19:36,884 --> 00:19:40,871 They don't necessarily willingly part with their food. 412 00:19:41,122 --> 00:19:44,641 The police realize there are widespread black markets 413 00:19:44,642 --> 00:19:46,017 all over Japan. 414 00:19:46,018 --> 00:19:48,045 So this is a real problem. 415 00:19:48,122 --> 00:19:51,272 And so Japanese leaders mobilize 416 00:19:51,273 --> 00:19:53,400 these neighborhood associations, 417 00:19:53,401 --> 00:19:55,461 in Japanese, called Tonarigumi. 418 00:19:55,486 --> 00:19:56,820 [dramatic music] 419 00:19:56,821 --> 00:20:00,073 [Tom] The Tonarigumi has been woven into Japanese culture 420 00:20:00,074 --> 00:20:01,726 for over a century. 421 00:20:02,935 --> 00:20:06,204 But in wartime, it becomes a tool for the neighbors 422 00:20:06,205 --> 00:20:08,873 to keep an eye on each other. 423 00:20:08,874 --> 00:20:14,113 [Jeremy] The Tonarigumi are groups of 5 to 10 households 424 00:20:14,530 --> 00:20:18,008 that work as a means of mobilizing the people 425 00:20:18,009 --> 00:20:19,910 behind Japan's war. 426 00:20:20,328 --> 00:20:22,137 [Sheldon] They ration the food. 427 00:20:22,138 --> 00:20:25,041 They carry out civil defense drills. 428 00:20:25,416 --> 00:20:28,852 They do many of the things that we would think 429 00:20:28,853 --> 00:20:31,688 that government officials would do elsewhere, 430 00:20:31,689 --> 00:20:34,884 but it's done by the people themselves. 431 00:20:35,593 --> 00:20:38,111 [Christopher] But really, the key is mutual surveillance. 432 00:20:38,112 --> 00:20:40,589 The idea that Japan's leaders have is that 433 00:20:40,614 --> 00:20:43,284 the cheapest and the surest way to keep an eye on people 434 00:20:43,309 --> 00:20:46,137 is to get people essentially to keep an eye on each other. 435 00:20:46,162 --> 00:20:47,412 [dramatic music] 436 00:20:47,413 --> 00:20:49,273 Someone is always watching you. 437 00:20:50,858 --> 00:20:53,126 By the end of 1943, 438 00:20:53,127 --> 00:20:56,504 this whole network of neighborhood associations 439 00:20:56,505 --> 00:20:59,966 looks like a very well-oiled machine and operates like that, 440 00:20:59,967 --> 00:21:02,677 collecting resources for the home front. 441 00:21:02,678 --> 00:21:07,958 But Tojo and his government, they have an enormous problem, 442 00:21:08,217 --> 00:21:10,143 labor shortages. 443 00:21:10,144 --> 00:21:11,519 [people chanting in Japanese] 444 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:12,771 [Tom] As in Germany, 445 00:21:12,772 --> 00:21:15,358 because of massive military conscription, 446 00:21:15,925 --> 00:21:19,053 Japan suffers from the serious labor shortfall. 447 00:21:20,721 --> 00:21:22,238 Women have been working 448 00:21:22,239 --> 00:21:24,809 in Japanese war industries for some time. 449 00:21:25,059 --> 00:21:28,829 Now, they employ their children as well. 450 00:21:28,830 --> 00:21:31,648 [pensive music] 451 00:21:31,673 --> 00:21:33,461 [Sheldon] They're increasingly using 452 00:21:33,486 --> 00:21:35,669 very young labor, teenagers, 453 00:21:35,670 --> 00:21:38,046 boys and girls who are not very skilled, 454 00:21:38,047 --> 00:21:39,657 quite hungry themselves. 455 00:21:41,450 --> 00:21:45,871 [Yuki] If you're older than 12, study days were cut short. 456 00:21:47,581 --> 00:21:50,793 There is extremely limited time in class 457 00:21:50,936 --> 00:21:53,771 because most of their day is spent in factories. 458 00:21:54,355 --> 00:21:56,048 Everybody is mobilized. 459 00:21:57,133 --> 00:21:58,191 [pensive music] 460 00:21:58,192 --> 00:22:00,443 [Tom] Despite the American blockade, 461 00:22:00,444 --> 00:22:03,305 Japanese manufacturing continues. 462 00:22:03,656 --> 00:22:07,617 [Yuki] Keeping the wartime production going to some extent 463 00:22:07,618 --> 00:22:10,354 is truly remarkable. 464 00:22:11,981 --> 00:22:15,518 There is one motto that Japanese people live by 465 00:22:15,543 --> 00:22:16,877 during the war. 466 00:22:16,878 --> 00:22:20,672 Don't ask or want anything until we win. 467 00:22:20,673 --> 00:22:25,069 So essentially, let's sacrifice everything until we win. 468 00:22:25,094 --> 00:22:26,678 [pensive music] 469 00:22:26,679 --> 00:22:29,973 [Tom] But now, in its seventh year of war, 470 00:22:29,974 --> 00:22:34,519 the Japanese military needs to replenish its ranks. 471 00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:36,020 [Christopher] So up until this point, 472 00:22:36,021 --> 00:22:38,232 students are being kept out of the war effort. 473 00:22:38,283 --> 00:22:41,635 The Japanese education is extraordinarily important. 474 00:22:41,969 --> 00:22:44,279 So you can get an exemption from conscription 475 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:46,281 if you're studying at university. 476 00:22:46,282 --> 00:22:48,342 But by October, 1943, 477 00:22:48,367 --> 00:22:50,952 things have become so serious in Japan 478 00:22:50,953 --> 00:22:53,121 you can no longer have that exemption. 479 00:22:53,122 --> 00:22:54,456 [boots thudding] 480 00:22:54,457 --> 00:22:57,026 [pensive music] 481 00:23:02,048 --> 00:23:04,450 October 21st, 1943, 482 00:23:05,451 --> 00:23:09,596 25,000 university students arrive in Tokyo Stadium. 483 00:23:09,597 --> 00:23:11,289 [dramatic music] 484 00:23:11,314 --> 00:23:13,016 These students are being inducted 485 00:23:13,017 --> 00:23:15,393 into the Japanese armed services. 486 00:23:15,394 --> 00:23:17,313 [Hideki speaking in Japanese] 487 00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:26,613 [Bradley] This is something that we see in other nations. 488 00:23:26,614 --> 00:23:28,365 For instance, in the United States, 489 00:23:28,366 --> 00:23:30,283 they are progressively conscripting 490 00:23:30,284 --> 00:23:32,619 more and more university students as well, 491 00:23:32,620 --> 00:23:34,680 but not so much at this scale. 492 00:23:34,705 --> 00:23:37,915 [dramatic music] 493 00:23:37,916 --> 00:23:40,126 [Dan] I mean, this is Japan's future, 494 00:23:40,127 --> 00:23:44,547 these ambitious young people, where so much investment 495 00:23:44,548 --> 00:23:46,674 has been made over their entire lives, 496 00:23:46,675 --> 00:23:49,570 education, raising, the whole thing. 497 00:23:49,595 --> 00:23:50,972 [dramatic music] 498 00:23:50,997 --> 00:23:55,209 [Sheldon] It's the mark of a pretty desperate war effort. 499 00:23:55,501 --> 00:23:57,644 You can't think about the future 500 00:23:57,645 --> 00:24:00,522 when the near future is very dire. 501 00:24:00,523 --> 00:24:02,565 [dramatic music] 502 00:24:02,566 --> 00:24:05,861 [Officer speaking Japanese] 503 00:24:08,990 --> 00:24:10,865 [attendees cheering] 504 00:24:10,866 --> 00:24:13,477 [Hideki speaking in Japanese] 505 00:24:16,430 --> 00:24:19,308 [soldiers cheering] 506 00:24:19,333 --> 00:24:22,669 [Bradley] So this event is really a giant piece of propaganda by Tojo. 507 00:24:22,670 --> 00:24:25,631 These young people are being asked to make the ultimate sacrifice. 508 00:24:26,340 --> 00:24:27,908 Who's going to be next? 509 00:24:28,097 --> 00:24:30,007 The inevitable message is... 510 00:24:30,421 --> 00:24:31,834 everyone. 511 00:24:31,898 --> 00:24:33,316 [dramatic music] 512 00:24:35,771 --> 00:24:38,180 [pensive music] 513 00:24:38,205 --> 00:24:40,588 [Officer speaking Japanese] 514 00:24:42,606 --> 00:24:45,692 [Tom] As 1943 draws to a close, 515 00:24:45,693 --> 00:24:49,221 every Japanese citizen feels the war's impact. 516 00:24:50,614 --> 00:24:52,198 [pensive music] 517 00:24:52,199 --> 00:24:55,894 But in Berlin, stores and cinemas are still full. 518 00:24:56,812 --> 00:24:59,956 Goebbels and the Nazis continue to deceive the German people 519 00:24:59,957 --> 00:25:01,791 with propaganda from the front. 520 00:25:01,792 --> 00:25:03,334 [majestic music] 521 00:25:03,335 --> 00:25:05,087 [narrator speaking German] 522 00:25:09,341 --> 00:25:10,758 [artillery firing] 523 00:25:10,759 --> 00:25:12,427 [Tom] A rout on the eastern front 524 00:25:12,428 --> 00:25:14,872 is called a strategic retreat. 525 00:25:15,633 --> 00:25:17,884 [siren blaring] 526 00:25:17,909 --> 00:25:21,128 Allied bombers are consistently shot down 527 00:25:22,588 --> 00:25:24,340 and do little damage. 528 00:25:25,591 --> 00:25:28,401 [Martin] The German people in Berlin are being fed 529 00:25:28,402 --> 00:25:31,571 a pretty steady diet of positive propaganda 530 00:25:31,572 --> 00:25:33,656 about the progress of the war. 531 00:25:33,657 --> 00:25:37,118 They had every reason to remain optimistic. 532 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:40,997 And then at the end of 1943, everything changes. 533 00:25:40,998 --> 00:25:43,499 [Robert] The RAF has been concentrating its bombing 534 00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:46,461 on the Ruhr, the industrial heartland of Germany. 535 00:25:46,462 --> 00:25:49,714 But in November of 1943, they shift their focus 536 00:25:49,715 --> 00:25:52,294 to an even juicier morale target... 537 00:25:53,035 --> 00:25:54,495 Berlin. 538 00:25:55,179 --> 00:25:57,013 [dramatic music] 539 00:25:57,014 --> 00:26:00,000 [bomber rumbling] 540 00:26:00,226 --> 00:26:02,268 [bomber rumbling] 541 00:26:02,269 --> 00:26:04,254 It's an incendiary raid, 542 00:26:05,773 --> 00:26:09,568 that is, bombs that are meant to start fires throughout the city. 543 00:26:09,652 --> 00:26:13,321 [dramatic music] [bombers rumbling] 544 00:26:13,322 --> 00:26:17,935 The bombers believe that if you break the morale of Berlin, 545 00:26:27,002 --> 00:26:28,779 you've broken the Third Reich. 546 00:26:30,822 --> 00:26:33,761 [Alexandra] It's always important to have somebody taking care of 547 00:26:33,762 --> 00:26:36,260 the population at a time of great trauma, 548 00:26:36,261 --> 00:26:39,514 very much like Churchill in London during the Blitz. 549 00:26:39,515 --> 00:26:41,492 But Hitler's gone off to the Wolf's Lair. 550 00:26:41,517 --> 00:26:44,602 He won't have anything to do with the population of Germany anymore. 551 00:26:44,603 --> 00:26:46,855 He seems to have abandoned them almost. 552 00:26:46,856 --> 00:26:48,189 And once again, 553 00:26:48,190 --> 00:26:52,511 the person who takes up that gauntlet is Joseph Goebbels. 554 00:26:53,529 --> 00:26:55,714 [Martin] Goebbels is meeting the survivors. 555 00:26:55,739 --> 00:26:58,158 So he'll bring a crew with him, they'll film. 556 00:26:58,159 --> 00:27:01,111 And what he's doing is reassuring the German people. 557 00:27:01,136 --> 00:27:02,537 If bombers show up over your city, 558 00:27:02,538 --> 00:27:04,497 we're going to be there to help you. 559 00:27:04,498 --> 00:27:06,391 [Robert] First aid stations are set up, 560 00:27:06,416 --> 00:27:09,778 free food and drink handed out to the population. 561 00:27:10,004 --> 00:27:13,050 [Alexandra] And a big huge show is put up into 562 00:27:13,075 --> 00:27:16,009 showing how we're gonna protect the population. 563 00:27:16,225 --> 00:27:18,362 Propaganda can come back up and say, 564 00:27:18,387 --> 00:27:20,313 "Look at these terrible things they're doing. 565 00:27:20,338 --> 00:27:22,531 Look what would happen if they win the war." 566 00:27:22,583 --> 00:27:24,225 And in some ways, 567 00:27:24,226 --> 00:27:26,435 the bombing raids actually increased morale 568 00:27:26,436 --> 00:27:29,214 and increased the determination to fight on. 569 00:27:31,859 --> 00:27:34,612 [pensive music] 570 00:27:36,774 --> 00:27:40,559 [Tom] Japan remains out of range of American bombers, 571 00:27:40,851 --> 00:27:44,036 but Prime Minister Tojo and other Japanese leaders 572 00:27:44,037 --> 00:27:47,057 understand that it may be only a matter of time 573 00:27:47,082 --> 00:27:49,792 before the Americans secure air bases 574 00:27:49,793 --> 00:27:52,879 within flying distance of the home islands. 575 00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:54,505 [Louise] Once the military leaders 576 00:27:54,506 --> 00:27:57,717 saw that fire bombs had been used against Germany, 577 00:27:57,718 --> 00:28:00,863 they realize that this may be in Japan's future. 578 00:28:00,888 --> 00:28:02,680 [pensive music] 579 00:28:02,681 --> 00:28:04,700 [Dan] The cities that are being bombed in Europe 580 00:28:04,725 --> 00:28:07,518 have big stone buildings in a lot of places, 581 00:28:07,519 --> 00:28:09,379 and it's still a nightmare. 582 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:12,482 The Japanese use a lot of wood. 583 00:28:12,483 --> 00:28:14,442 These are wooden cities. 584 00:28:14,443 --> 00:28:18,013 They are particularly vulnerable to these kinds of attacks. 585 00:28:18,263 --> 00:28:20,323 And you don't have to be a genius to figure out 586 00:28:20,324 --> 00:28:22,033 that that's gonna be an issue 587 00:28:22,034 --> 00:28:24,812 if all of a sudden you have round the clock raids. 588 00:28:24,837 --> 00:28:26,339 [pensive music] 589 00:28:26,364 --> 00:28:28,789 [Sheldon] There's a big difference in civil defense 590 00:28:28,790 --> 00:28:31,084 between Nazi Germany and Japan. 591 00:28:31,085 --> 00:28:33,086 The Japanese make the decision 592 00:28:33,087 --> 00:28:37,131 not to construct huge concrete bunkers and air raid shelters 593 00:28:37,132 --> 00:28:39,550 that could hold thousands of people, 594 00:28:39,551 --> 00:28:41,427 thinking that it would be better off 595 00:28:41,428 --> 00:28:44,973 devoting their scarce resources to the military 596 00:28:44,974 --> 00:28:47,668 and not spending much money on defense. 597 00:28:47,790 --> 00:28:49,870 [Louise] The Japanese government basically said, 598 00:28:49,895 --> 00:28:52,271 "Look, you have to prepare yourselves. 599 00:28:52,272 --> 00:28:53,356 You want a shelter? 600 00:28:53,357 --> 00:28:54,357 Dig it yourself." 601 00:28:54,358 --> 00:28:57,152 [siren blaring] 602 00:28:57,970 --> 00:28:59,445 If there was a fire, 603 00:28:59,446 --> 00:29:02,657 there would be basically a sand and water bucket brigade 604 00:29:02,658 --> 00:29:05,310 that would try to put out the fires this way. 605 00:29:06,144 --> 00:29:10,440 And then they came up with the strategy to tear down houses, 606 00:29:10,732 --> 00:29:13,477 to isolate areas so that the fire wouldn't spread. 607 00:29:13,502 --> 00:29:15,726 [house crashing] 608 00:29:15,796 --> 00:29:20,062 [Christopher] So ordinary people are given hand tools, they're given ropes, 609 00:29:20,087 --> 00:29:23,362 and in some cases they're literally pulling down their own homes 610 00:29:23,387 --> 00:29:25,596 and carting away the pieces. 611 00:29:25,597 --> 00:29:27,866 [Sheldon] In places like Tokyo and Osaka, 612 00:29:27,891 --> 00:29:31,561 tens of thousands of houses were torn down. 613 00:29:31,562 --> 00:29:32,853 [dramatic music] 614 00:29:32,854 --> 00:29:35,040 [Christopher] These really cold messages 615 00:29:35,065 --> 00:29:37,149 go out from the government that essentially say, 616 00:29:37,150 --> 00:29:39,002 "Ask your family if you can stay with them. 617 00:29:39,027 --> 00:29:40,679 Maybe someone will house you." 618 00:29:40,888 --> 00:29:43,406 Yet, again, there's a sense that the government 619 00:29:43,407 --> 00:29:46,551 just consider ordinary civilians to be expendable. 620 00:29:46,576 --> 00:29:49,163 [dramatic music] 621 00:29:50,873 --> 00:29:53,709 [dramatic music] 622 00:29:54,835 --> 00:29:57,195 [Tom] In the summer of 1944, 623 00:29:59,089 --> 00:30:02,618 Japan suffers a major defeat in the Pacific. 624 00:30:03,994 --> 00:30:07,723 A key piece of Tojo's inner defensive ring has fallen. 625 00:30:09,153 --> 00:30:11,446 [tank firing] 626 00:30:11,471 --> 00:30:14,504 After a month and a half of heavy combat, 627 00:30:14,699 --> 00:30:17,315 Japan has lost Saipan 628 00:30:17,438 --> 00:30:20,398 and the entire Mariana Island chain. 629 00:30:20,444 --> 00:30:21,902 [dramatic music] 630 00:30:21,903 --> 00:30:25,807 This puts the Americans and their B-29 Superfortress 631 00:30:26,016 --> 00:30:30,520 in range of Japan's major cities, including Tokyo. 632 00:30:30,896 --> 00:30:32,580 [Jonathan] For the Japanese, 633 00:30:32,581 --> 00:30:36,318 the loss of the Marianas is absolutely catastrophic. 634 00:30:37,027 --> 00:30:38,586 Because they understand 635 00:30:38,587 --> 00:30:41,005 that there is this new bomber out there called the B-29, 636 00:30:41,006 --> 00:30:42,715 and they know that bomber 637 00:30:42,716 --> 00:30:45,777 will now be within range of almost all of Japan. 638 00:30:45,802 --> 00:30:47,261 [pensive music] 639 00:30:47,262 --> 00:30:50,139 [Christopher] The fall of Saipan is a huge psychological blow 640 00:30:50,140 --> 00:30:51,766 back at home in Japan. 641 00:30:51,767 --> 00:30:53,309 Because there's been this pact 642 00:30:53,310 --> 00:30:54,828 that if you do your bit at home, 643 00:30:54,853 --> 00:30:57,039 if you sacrifice, if you put up with rations, 644 00:30:57,064 --> 00:31:00,441 if you work hard in the factories, we will protect you. 645 00:31:00,442 --> 00:31:02,485 The Allies will come nowhere near the home islands. 646 00:31:02,510 --> 00:31:04,155 [Bradley] So the government has failed 647 00:31:04,179 --> 00:31:06,405 at its most fundamental promise to the Japanese people. 648 00:31:06,406 --> 00:31:08,809 And there's only one person to take the fall for this, 649 00:31:09,893 --> 00:31:11,228 Tojo. 650 00:31:14,039 --> 00:31:16,125 [pensive music] 651 00:31:18,397 --> 00:31:20,670 [Officer speaking Japanese] 652 00:31:29,205 --> 00:31:32,223 [Tom] The loss of Saipan and the Mariana Island chain 653 00:31:32,224 --> 00:31:34,767 is a serious blow to the Japanese. 654 00:31:34,768 --> 00:31:37,144 [Bradley] Now, Japan itself is at risk. 655 00:31:37,145 --> 00:31:40,082 Now, civilian populations are potentially on the frontline 656 00:31:40,107 --> 00:31:41,692 in a way they've never been before. 657 00:31:43,259 --> 00:31:47,179 Now, Japan needs to reflect on its own leadership. 658 00:31:50,177 --> 00:31:52,095 [dramatic music] 659 00:31:52,244 --> 00:31:54,346 [Christopher] There is an undercurrent in Japan 660 00:31:54,371 --> 00:31:57,274 that people are feeling very hostile towards Tojo. 661 00:31:58,180 --> 00:32:01,169 There are stories of people phoning up Tojo's wife, saying, 662 00:32:01,170 --> 00:32:03,589 "Why has your husband not killed himself yet?" 663 00:32:04,965 --> 00:32:06,298 [Robert] Now it's the government 664 00:32:06,299 --> 00:32:08,259 who has to make a sacrifice. 665 00:32:08,260 --> 00:32:10,654 And they choose a scapegoat. 666 00:32:10,679 --> 00:32:13,420 [pensive music] 667 00:32:13,445 --> 00:32:18,795 [Noriko] Emperor Hirohito has lost confidence in Tojo, 668 00:32:19,171 --> 00:32:21,081 and he steps down. 669 00:32:21,106 --> 00:32:23,191 [dramatic music] 670 00:32:23,192 --> 00:32:25,735 [propeller rumbling] 671 00:32:25,736 --> 00:32:27,235 [bombers rumbling] 672 00:32:27,260 --> 00:32:29,406 [dramatic music] 673 00:32:30,757 --> 00:32:32,667 [Tom] Launching from the Marianas, 674 00:32:33,220 --> 00:32:37,539 hundreds of B-29s begin bombing Japan's cities. 675 00:32:37,748 --> 00:32:39,665 [dramatic music] 676 00:32:39,666 --> 00:32:40,916 Osaka, 677 00:32:40,917 --> 00:32:42,210 Kobe, 678 00:32:42,211 --> 00:32:43,487 Nagoya, 679 00:32:43,737 --> 00:32:45,088 Tokyo. 680 00:32:47,049 --> 00:32:49,910 Hundreds of thousands of civilians are killed. 681 00:32:50,535 --> 00:32:54,180 [Sheldon] When the serious bombing of Japan starts, 682 00:32:54,181 --> 00:32:56,083 it will be unrelenting. 683 00:32:57,292 --> 00:32:58,869 The enemy is there. 684 00:32:58,894 --> 00:33:00,370 They're right above you. 685 00:33:00,395 --> 00:33:03,648 [bell ringing] [dramatic music] 686 00:33:03,649 --> 00:33:06,843 The cities will become killing grounds. 687 00:33:07,027 --> 00:33:09,905 [dramatic music] 688 00:33:13,533 --> 00:33:16,203 [pensive music] 689 00:33:20,073 --> 00:33:22,567 [Tom] Two days after Tojo's fall, 690 00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:26,672 there is an attempt on Adolf Hitler's life. 691 00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:30,549 [Robert] A real turning point in the German home front story 692 00:33:30,550 --> 00:33:32,593 is July of 1944, 693 00:33:32,594 --> 00:33:35,497 the assassination attempt on Hitler's life. 694 00:33:35,732 --> 00:33:38,208 [Alexandra] A small group of officers 695 00:33:38,262 --> 00:33:42,265 realized that the war was probably lost. 696 00:33:42,290 --> 00:33:44,856 They believed that if they killed Hitler, 697 00:33:44,898 --> 00:33:46,524 that they would be able to 698 00:33:46,525 --> 00:33:49,845 make peace and start a new German government. 699 00:33:50,137 --> 00:33:52,321 And the person that was chosen 700 00:33:52,322 --> 00:33:54,490 to go and try and kill him 701 00:33:54,491 --> 00:33:56,643 was Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg, 702 00:33:57,727 --> 00:34:02,331 who went on the 20th of July, 1944 to the Wolf's Lair. 703 00:34:02,332 --> 00:34:04,583 He had a meeting with Hitler. 704 00:34:04,584 --> 00:34:07,628 He planted a bomb under the conference table 705 00:34:07,629 --> 00:34:10,365 where Hitler was speaking and then took off. 706 00:34:10,933 --> 00:34:12,132 [Martin] That bomb, 707 00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:15,077 it's positioned underneath this heavy oak table 708 00:34:15,102 --> 00:34:18,598 that absorbs a great deal of the blast of the weapon. 709 00:34:18,842 --> 00:34:21,034 [Alexandra] Stauffenberg comes back to Berlin 710 00:34:21,059 --> 00:34:22,476 thinking that he'd killed Hitler. 711 00:34:22,477 --> 00:34:25,145 He saw the explosion. He believed Hitler had been killed. 712 00:34:25,146 --> 00:34:28,416 But unfortunately for him, the Führer was not dead. 713 00:34:28,441 --> 00:34:31,152 [dramatic music] 714 00:34:37,659 --> 00:34:39,952 [Col. Douds] At one o'clock in the morning of the 21st, 715 00:34:39,953 --> 00:34:41,997 Adolf Hitler comes on the radio. 716 00:34:42,205 --> 00:34:45,082 He says there's been a attack against his life 717 00:34:45,083 --> 00:34:46,459 done by traitors. 718 00:34:46,460 --> 00:34:48,169 [Adolf speaking in German] 719 00:34:52,991 --> 00:34:55,160 [Adolf speaking in German] 720 00:35:00,348 --> 00:35:03,476 [Adolf speaking in German] 721 00:35:07,545 --> 00:35:09,671 [dramatic music] 722 00:35:09,696 --> 00:35:11,418 [Nicholas] One of the first responses 723 00:35:11,443 --> 00:35:13,736 when Hitler speaks on the radio 724 00:35:13,737 --> 00:35:16,848 is an outpouring of relief. 725 00:35:17,574 --> 00:35:20,593 And there's spontaneous demonstrations across Germany 726 00:35:20,618 --> 00:35:22,620 by the civilian population. 727 00:35:22,621 --> 00:35:25,899 [Col. Douds] Things are not going well in 1944. 728 00:35:26,208 --> 00:35:29,001 The Soviets are on the move in the East. 729 00:35:29,002 --> 00:35:31,503 The Allies in the West have landed in Normandy. 730 00:35:31,504 --> 00:35:34,757 But German society has hitched its horse to Adolf Hitler. 731 00:35:34,758 --> 00:35:37,093 It's good to know his hand's still on the wheel 732 00:35:37,094 --> 00:35:39,804 and that there's a degree of stability. 733 00:35:39,857 --> 00:35:41,063 [Alexandra] On the radio, 734 00:35:41,088 --> 00:35:43,265 Hitler vows that he's going to take revenge 735 00:35:43,266 --> 00:35:45,502 on the traitors who've tried to kill him. 736 00:35:45,710 --> 00:35:47,837 [Adolf speaking in German]] 737 00:35:50,231 --> 00:35:52,751 [Tom] Stauffenberg and a few other conspirators 738 00:35:52,776 --> 00:35:55,278 are quickly arrested and executed. 739 00:35:55,404 --> 00:35:56,612 [pensive music] 740 00:35:56,613 --> 00:35:59,432 But their deaths are only the beginning. 741 00:36:00,100 --> 00:36:03,577 [Dan] Hitler had survived assassination attempts before, 742 00:36:03,578 --> 00:36:05,165 but this was something on another level. 743 00:36:05,190 --> 00:36:06,983 And the people that were trying to kill him, 744 00:36:07,082 --> 00:36:10,709 these are some of his most important military figures. 745 00:36:10,710 --> 00:36:13,129 [Robert] Hitler believes he's been betrayed 746 00:36:13,255 --> 00:36:15,464 and he no longer trusts anyone, 747 00:36:15,465 --> 00:36:18,592 not the army, not those in his intimate circle, 748 00:36:18,593 --> 00:36:20,453 not even the German people. 749 00:36:21,288 --> 00:36:23,889 [Tom] Hitler orders the investigation and arrest 750 00:36:23,890 --> 00:36:27,393 of anybody associated with the July 20th plot. 751 00:36:27,394 --> 00:36:29,849 [Col. Douds] Anybody who had anything to do with this plot, 752 00:36:29,874 --> 00:36:31,439 anybody who's related to those people, 753 00:36:31,440 --> 00:36:33,399 anybody who might be a problem in the future, 754 00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:34,876 he will hunt them down. 755 00:36:34,901 --> 00:36:36,110 [gun thudding] 756 00:36:36,111 --> 00:36:38,763 Adolf Hitler takes this the opportunity to clean house. 757 00:36:41,885 --> 00:36:43,929 [pensive music] 758 00:36:48,749 --> 00:36:50,625 [Tom] Berlin, 1944, 759 00:36:51,418 --> 00:36:53,085 hundreds of Germans arrested 760 00:36:53,086 --> 00:36:56,047 after the attempt on Hitler's life are put on trial. 761 00:36:57,240 --> 00:36:58,950 It's referred to as 762 00:36:59,035 --> 00:37:00,902 the People's Court. 763 00:37:00,927 --> 00:37:02,469 [pensive music] 764 00:37:02,470 --> 00:37:05,290 [court official speaking German] 765 00:37:07,434 --> 00:37:09,226 [Alexandra] The defendants are brought 766 00:37:09,227 --> 00:37:10,519 in front of Roland Freisler, 767 00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:12,480 who's the head of the People's Court, 768 00:37:12,481 --> 00:37:15,675 who's absolutely a fanatical Nazi. 769 00:37:15,884 --> 00:37:17,943 Very often, to humiliate them, 770 00:37:17,944 --> 00:37:19,462 their belts have been taken away 771 00:37:19,487 --> 00:37:21,488 so they have to hold their trousers. 772 00:37:21,489 --> 00:37:23,683 [Tom] The verdict is never in doubt. 773 00:37:23,975 --> 00:37:26,019 Every defendant is guilty 774 00:37:26,853 --> 00:37:29,356 and every punishment severe. 775 00:37:29,647 --> 00:37:32,416 [Alexandra] They're put in a place called Plötzensee Prison, 776 00:37:32,417 --> 00:37:34,444 and they're tortured, they're beaten. 777 00:37:35,737 --> 00:37:37,880 [Nicholas] These people are executed. 778 00:37:37,881 --> 00:37:42,243 And Hitler insists that they will be hanged from meat hooks 779 00:37:42,994 --> 00:37:45,080 and that it will be filmed. 780 00:37:46,097 --> 00:37:49,225 [Alexandra] Hitler's vengeance knows no bounds. 781 00:37:49,226 --> 00:37:50,518 He wants to make it clear 782 00:37:50,519 --> 00:37:52,228 to anybody else out there in the Reich 783 00:37:52,229 --> 00:37:53,913 that if you try and kill me, 784 00:37:53,938 --> 00:37:55,915 this is the kind of vengeance you can expect. 785 00:37:55,940 --> 00:37:57,065 [pensive music] 786 00:37:57,066 --> 00:37:59,335 Not just for you, but for your family 787 00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:01,221 and anybody who knows you. 788 00:38:01,596 --> 00:38:03,548 So you're never going to be safe. 789 00:38:03,573 --> 00:38:04,907 [pensive music] 790 00:38:04,908 --> 00:38:08,603 [Tom] Nazi control of Germany is now complete. 791 00:38:09,354 --> 00:38:12,357 But Hitler's Thousand-Year Reich is crumbling. 792 00:38:13,650 --> 00:38:17,228 By the fall of 1944, the Allies are on the verge 793 00:38:17,253 --> 00:38:20,131 of crossing into the German Fatherland. 794 00:38:20,215 --> 00:38:21,841 [pensive music] 795 00:38:21,842 --> 00:38:22,967 [dramatic music] 796 00:38:22,968 --> 00:38:25,411 [tanks rumbling] 797 00:38:25,436 --> 00:38:26,762 [Robert] Up until this point, 798 00:38:26,763 --> 00:38:28,722 Hitler had resisted the call for total war. 799 00:38:28,723 --> 00:38:32,059 It wasn't necessary to enlist the entire population. 800 00:38:32,060 --> 00:38:35,354 But now, if he ever cared about the German people, 801 00:38:35,355 --> 00:38:37,481 he certainly no longer does. 802 00:38:37,482 --> 00:38:40,335 And so why not enlist every last one of them 803 00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:42,903 and let them get ground up at the front? 804 00:38:42,904 --> 00:38:44,530 As far as Hitler is concerned, 805 00:38:44,531 --> 00:38:47,675 the entire population is nothing but cannon fodder. 806 00:38:47,700 --> 00:38:50,287 [dramatic music] 807 00:38:51,162 --> 00:38:53,915 [pensive music] 808 00:38:55,417 --> 00:38:57,819 [Goebbels speaking German] 809 00:39:08,513 --> 00:39:12,725 [Crowd speaking German] 810 00:39:12,726 --> 00:39:17,479 [Tom] November, 1944, tens of thousands of Germans 811 00:39:17,480 --> 00:39:20,341 gather before Joseph Goebbels' headquarters. 812 00:39:20,525 --> 00:39:23,553 After swearing a blood oath to Hitler, 813 00:39:23,803 --> 00:39:26,431 they enter the ranks of the Volkssturm. 814 00:39:27,348 --> 00:39:29,199 [Alexandra] The Volkssturm literally translated 815 00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:33,038 means the people's storm or the people's militia. 816 00:39:33,719 --> 00:39:37,108 [Robert] These are young boys and old men 817 00:39:37,275 --> 00:39:40,320 put together into pseudo-military units 818 00:39:41,112 --> 00:39:44,840 and sent off to do or die against the Allied armies. 819 00:39:44,841 --> 00:39:47,009 [dramatic music] 820 00:39:47,010 --> 00:39:50,179 [Tom] The Volkssturm units are given very little training 821 00:39:50,438 --> 00:39:53,825 and are supplied with the most basic German weapons. 822 00:39:53,850 --> 00:39:55,257 [dramatic music] 823 00:39:55,282 --> 00:39:56,852 [anti-tank launcher booming booming] 824 00:39:56,877 --> 00:39:58,688 [explosion booming] [pensive music] 825 00:39:58,713 --> 00:40:03,319 [Robert] An anti-tank missile known as the Panzerfaust, the armored fist, 826 00:40:03,507 --> 00:40:06,375 it hits the side of a tank, and with enormous force, 827 00:40:06,414 --> 00:40:08,780 - blasts a hole through the armor. - [explosion booming] 828 00:40:08,781 --> 00:40:10,907 Now, the most important thing we need to know about it 829 00:40:10,908 --> 00:40:13,243 is that it was a single shot, 830 00:40:13,244 --> 00:40:16,121 and that to use it, you had to come very, very close 831 00:40:16,122 --> 00:40:17,857 to the tank you were firing at. 832 00:40:19,025 --> 00:40:22,002 So we're talking about a 65-year-old man 833 00:40:22,027 --> 00:40:25,547 or a 14-year-old boy given a single-shot weapon 834 00:40:25,548 --> 00:40:28,383 and sent out as a tank destroyer. 835 00:40:28,384 --> 00:40:29,718 [explosion booming] 836 00:40:29,719 --> 00:40:31,470 You may destroy the tank, 837 00:40:31,471 --> 00:40:34,723 but you are almost certainly going to destroy the person 838 00:40:34,724 --> 00:40:36,876 wielding the Panzerfaust. 839 00:40:37,794 --> 00:40:41,563 [Nicholas] In both the Eastern and the Western Fronts, 840 00:40:41,564 --> 00:40:45,651 the Volkssturm fight and die in the tens of thousands. 841 00:40:45,652 --> 00:40:49,946 It's the Volkssturm which often goes on fighting until the bitter end. 842 00:40:49,947 --> 00:40:51,490 [dramatic music] 843 00:40:51,491 --> 00:40:54,227 [explosion booming] 844 00:40:55,520 --> 00:40:58,163 [Tom] For five years, the Nazis have tried 845 00:40:58,164 --> 00:41:00,874 to shield Germans from the consequences of war. 846 00:41:00,875 --> 00:41:03,418 [tank firing] 847 00:41:03,419 --> 00:41:05,697 But with the Wehrmacht in retreat, 848 00:41:06,823 --> 00:41:08,882 their cities in ruin, 849 00:41:08,883 --> 00:41:11,760 and hundreds of thousands of their sons dead 850 00:41:11,761 --> 00:41:13,454 or grievously wounded, 851 00:41:16,474 --> 00:41:18,475 that is no longer possible. 852 00:41:18,476 --> 00:41:20,977 [dramatic music] 853 00:41:20,978 --> 00:41:25,232 [Col. Douds] That whole bubble of normalcy is now shattered. 854 00:41:25,233 --> 00:41:28,944 All the other things that were being done in society to shield them, 855 00:41:28,945 --> 00:41:31,196 sporting events, cinemas, all that, 856 00:41:31,197 --> 00:41:32,531 they all get closed down. 857 00:41:32,532 --> 00:41:34,676 And the real war that they are in 858 00:41:34,701 --> 00:41:37,786 is now readily apparent to all of German society. 859 00:41:37,787 --> 00:41:40,473 This now is the total war vision 860 00:41:40,498 --> 00:41:43,417 that Goebbels and Speer had in '43. 861 00:41:43,418 --> 00:41:46,279 They finally arrive here in 1944. 862 00:41:46,963 --> 00:41:49,115 [Goebbels speaking German] 863 00:42:06,149 --> 00:42:08,276 [dramatic music] 864 00:42:09,412 --> 00:42:11,904 By the close of 1944, 865 00:42:11,929 --> 00:42:16,200 the people of Germany and Japan are paying for their country's aggression. 866 00:42:16,451 --> 00:42:20,188 The price steepens as the war heads to its conclusion. 867 00:42:20,688 --> 00:42:22,748 In Nazi occupied Europe, 868 00:42:22,749 --> 00:42:26,293 where violence and terror have become routine, 869 00:42:26,294 --> 00:42:30,198 increasing numbers of people begin to resist.